GRAY WHALE CALF PRODUCTION 1994–2000: ARE OBSERVED FLUCTUATIONS RELATED TO CHANGES IN SEASONAL ICE COVER?

By W. Perryman, M. A. Donahue, P. C. Perkins, S. Reilly. 2002

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Marine mammals as ecosystem sentinels (2008, background): “The 2nd line of evidence involves counts of calves at Point Piedras Blancas, California, during the northbound migration (Perryman et al. 2002).”
Gray whale distribution relative to forage habitat in the northern Bering Sea: current conditions and retrospective summary (2003, background): “A grid of water column and benthic sampling stations were occupied, both north and south of Bering Strait, from July to September 1984–1986, with four stations occupied opportunistically through 2000.”
A bioenergetics model to evaluate demographic consequences of disturbance in marine mammals applied to gray whales (2015, background): “However, calf production (as indicated by northbound calf counts) is most correlated with environmental fluctuations occurring in the foraging grounds during the year of calf production (Perryman et al. 2002a, b).”
Status of the world's baleen whales (2016, background): “Second, commercial vessel traffic and offshore industrial, military, and extractive activities are increasing, especially near populated coastlines.”
Linking predators to seasonality of upwelling: Using food web indicators and path analysis to infer trophic connections (2012, background): “Mortality (Ford et al., 2009) and calving rates (Perryman et al., 2002) of other whale species has been linked to environmental conditions, but these variables would alter abundances in a detectable way only over multiple years.”