Gas explosions and thermal runaways during external heating abuse of commercial lithium-ion graphite-LiCoO2 cells at different levels of ageing

By Fredrik Larsson, S. Bertilsson, M. Furlani, I. Albinsson, B. Mellander. 2018

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Time Sequence Map for Interpreting the Thermal Runaway Mechanism of Lithium-Ion Batteries With LiNixCoyMnzO2 Cathode (2018, background): “There are two sources of gas generations: (1) The vaporization of the solvents (DMC, EMC, DEC, EC, etc.), once the temperature rises to the boiling point of the solvents, they will gasify and run out of the cell (Larsson et al., 2018).”
A Review on Battery Market Trends, Second-Life Reuse, and Recycling (2021, background): “Due to growing toxicity issues and driven by government regulations imposed by many nations, NiCd batteries are now limited to specialty applications and being replaced by NiMH battery technologies [41].”
A review on research status and key technologies of battery thermal management and its enhanced safety (2018, background): “increase would occur with releasing of CO and CO2, indicating decompositions of the cathode and electrolyte, which can be measured by Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy gas measurements.(146,147) What is more, it gets much more worsen when cell ejecting the flammable electrolyte vapors.”