Roles of Vascular Oxidative Stress and Nitric Oxide in the Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis

By U. Förstermann, N. Xia, Huige Li. Circulation Research, 2017

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New insights into oxidative stress and inflammation during diabetes mellitus-accelerated atherosclerosis (2018, background): “ROS can be generated in the vascular wall by NADPH oxidase, xanthine oxidase, the mitochondrial electron transport chain, and uncoupled eNOS [9].”
Activation of Nrf2/HO-1 signaling: An important molecular mechanism of herbal medicine in the treatment of atherosclerosis via the protection of vascular endothelial cells from oxidative stress (2021, background): “Oxidative stress is a predominant factor for EC activation and dysfunction, and apoptosis is a major mechanism of oxidative stress-induced endothelial cell injury [63].”
Pathophysiology of Atherosclerosis (2022, background): “However, in the presence of cardiovascular risk factors, such as hyperlipidemia, hypertension, smoking, or diabetes, NO production is reduced as a consequence of the increased oxidative stress, which is commonly associated with those pathologies [28,62,63].”