Meta-analysis for linear and nonlinear dose-response relations: examples, an evaluation of approximations, and software.

By Nicola Orsini, Ruifeng Li, A. Wolk, P. Khudyakov, Donna Spiegelman. American Journal of Epidemiology, 2012

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Fruit and vegetable intake and the risk of cardiovascular disease, total cancer and all-cause mortality—a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies (2017, methodology): “A potential nonlinear dose-response relationship between fruit and vegetable intake and cardiovascular disease, cancer and mortality risks was assessed using restricted cubic splines with three knots at 10%, 50% and 90% percentiles of the distribution, which was combined using multivariate meta-anal”
BMI and all-cause mortality in older adults: a meta-analysis. (2014, methodology): “A 2 stage random effects meta analysis was used to examine a potential nonlinear relation between BMI and all cause mortality risk (15, 16).”
Multivariate meta-analysis for non-linear and other multi-parameter associations (2012, neutral): “More recently, a general methodological treatment of the meta-analysis of published estimates for non-linear associations has been provided [61, 62], also on the basis of multivariate meta-analysis [63, 64].”