Oxypropylation of Lignins and Preparation of Rigid Polyurethane Foams from the Ensuing Polyols

By H. Nadji, Cécile Bruzzese, M. Belgacem, A. Benaboura, A. Gandini. 2005

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An integrated process to produce vanillin and lignin-based polyurethanes from Kraft lignin (2009, methodology): “Nadji et al. (2005) Lignin type: Kraft and organosolv Chemical system: Polyol: Oxypropylated lignin Isocyanate: polymeric MDI.”
Toward Thermoplastic Lignin Polymers; Part II: Thermal & Polymer Characteristics of Kraft Lignin & Derivatives (2013, background): “If kraft lignins are to be thermally processed around their Tg, thermal stability considerations have to be taken into account (Jain and Glasser 1993; Nadji et al. 2005; Wu and Glasser 1984).”
Kraft Lignin-Based Rigid Polyurethane Foam (2012, background): “7 ppm, which were also seen by Nadji et al.[30] Protons from aromatic rings (∼6.”
Conversion of biomass lignin to high-value polyurethane: A review (2020, background): “Lignin hydroxyalkylation is usually conducted with formaldehyde or alkylene oxide, such as ethylene oxide (EO), propylene oxide (PO), and butylene oxide (BO), and performed in aqueous alkali solutions (Glasser et al., 1984; Nadji et al., 2005; Yang et al., 2014a; Wang et al., 2016).”