Expectation, Motivation, and Attitude: A Tourist Behavioral Model

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Understanding Potential and Repeat Visitors’ Travel Intentions: The Roles of Travel Motivations, Destination Image, and Visitor Image Congruity (2021, background): “Motivation indicates a favorable consequence of actions stimulated by an individual’s condition (Hsu, Cai, and Li 2010).”
The Effects of Personal Values on Travel Motivation and Behavioral Intention (2012, background): “Only a few studies have investigated the relationship between motivation and other behavioral constructs (e.g., Hsu, Cai, and Li 2011).”
An Extension of the Theory of Planned Behavior Model for Tourists (2012, methodology): “Instead of directly applying tourism motivation models conceptualized in developed Western societies, a model that places the study of motivation in relation to expectation and attitude was proposed in a recent study by Hsu, Cai, and Li (2010) on mainland Chinese outbound tourists.”
Examining the Effect of Tour Guide Performance, Tourist Trust, Tourist Satisfaction, and Flow Experience on Tourists' Shopping Behavior (2014, methodology): “Based on the collected data (n ¼ 486), all items with a factor loading value over 0.4 (Hsu et al., 2010) and factors with eigenvalues equal to or greater than 1.0 were extracted.”