4D Printing: Multi‐Material Shape Change

By S. Tibbits. 2014

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3D printing for membrane separation, desalination and water treatment (2020, methodology): “rigid 1089 plastic) materials [131, 132], stimulus, interaction mechanism, mathematical modelling, as well as with the 1090 appropriate printing technology.”
Responsive cellulose-hydrogel composite ink for 4D printing (2018, methodology): “This approach is analogous to the “4D printing” concepts developed and demonstrated at MIT [16], which utilise materials with shape memory and volumetric expansion properties to achieve micro to macroscopic actuation responses [17–20].”
Smart polymers and nanocomposites for 3D and 4D printing (2020, neutral): “The defining feature of 4D printing in this case is the introduction of “time” in the process as the 4th dimension [31].”
Smart materials in additive manufacturing: state of the art and trends (2018, background): “It entails multi-material prints with the capability to transform over time or a customised material system that can change from one shape to another (Tibbits 2014).”
Soft Robots Manufacturing: A Review (2018, background): “When exposed to specific interactions, for example with water (Tibbits, 2014; Gladman et al., 2016) or UV (Liu et al.”