Placement and Implementation of Grid-Forming and Grid-Following Virtual Inertia and Fast Frequency Response

By B. Poolla, Dominic Gross, Florian Dörfler. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 2018

349 citations recorded by the source corpus.

The electric power system is witnessing a shift in the technology of generation. Conventional thermal generation based on synchronous machines is gradually being replaced by power electronics interfaced renewable generation. This new mode of generation, however, lacks the natural inertia and governor damping, which are quintessential features of synchronous machines. The loss of these features results in increasing frequency excursions and, ultimately, system instability. Among the numerous studies on mitigating these undesirable effects, the main approach involves virtual inertia (VI) emulation to mimic the behavior of synchronous machines. In this paper, explicit models of grid-following and grid-forming VI devices are developed for inertia emulation and fast frequency response in low-inertia systems. An optimization problem is formulated to optimize the parameters and location of these devices in a power system to increase its resilience. Finally, a case study based on a high-fidelity model of the South-East Australian system is used to illustrate the effectiveness of such devices.

Subfields: Control and Systems Engineering, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Energy Engineering and Power Technology

View Paper: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/b94f35f2dcb9f09082d59e6f3d1e173bdd1d1050

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Citations in the corpus

Frequency Stability of Synchronous Machines and Grid-Forming Power Converters (2020, methodology): “where t0 > 0 is the time when the disturbance is applied to the system, and T > 0 is the RoCoF calculation window [1], [22].”
Grid Forming Inverter Modeling, Control, and Applications (2021, background): “The authors in [140] have studied the optimal placement of GFMIs and GFDIs in a low inertia power system for fast frequency response.”
Understanding Small-Signal Stability of Low-Inertia Systems (2021, background): “Such modeling choice is based on the high penetration of renewable generation in the real-world system, particularly in area 5, that does not provide standalone frequency support [71], [72].”
Fast Frequency Response From Energy Storage Systems—A Review of Grid Standards, Projects and Technical Issues (2020, methodology): “• Placement of FFR: The state-of-the-art review reveals different applications of energy storage such as virtual inertia response and inter-area oscillation damping provision [38]–[40], optimal power flow [41], placement in the network and control tuning.”