Turning cold tumors into hot tumors by improving T-cell infiltration
By Yuan-Tong Liu, Zhijun Sun. Theranostics, 2021
696 citations recorded by the source corpus.
Immunotherapy, represented by immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), has greatly improved the clinical efficacy of malignant tumor therapy. ICI-mediated antitumor responses depend on the infiltration of T cells capable of recognizing and killing tumor cells. ICIs are not effective in "cold tumors", which are characterized by the lack of T-cell infiltration. To realize the full potential of immunotherapy and solve this obstacle, it is essential to understand the drivers of T-cell infiltration into tumors. We present a critical review of our understanding of the mechanisms underlying “cold tumors”, including impaired T-cell priming and deficient T-cell homing to tumor beds. “Hot tumors” with significant T-cell infiltration are associated with better ICI efficacy. In this review, we summarize multiple strategies that promote the transformation of "cold tumors" into “hot tumors” and discuss the mechanisms by which these strategies lead to increased T-cell infiltration. Finally, we discuss the application of nanomaterials to tumor immunotherapy and provide an outlook on the future of this emerging field. The combination of nanomedicines and immunotherapy enhances cross-presentation of tumor antigens and promotes T-cell priming and infiltration. A deeper understanding of these mechanisms opens new possibilities for the development of multiple T cell-based combination therapies to improve ICI effectiveness.
Subfields: Immunology, Oncology
View Paper: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/b9080ff2aa0dda30b85874fe8226b2e3fb90ec0a
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Citations in the corpus
- Nanoparticles for Cancer Therapy: Current Progress and Challenges (2021, background): ““Programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1)” and “programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1)” are some of the essential immune checkpoints [128].”
- Targeting cell death pathways for cancer therapy: recent developments in necroptosis, pyroptosis, ferroptosis, and cuproptosis research (2022, background): “It is widely believed that the treatments with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are not effective in “cold tumors,” which are characterized by the lack of T cell infiltration, while “hot tumors” with significant T cell infiltration contribute to better ICI efficacy [171].”