Spalling and pore pressure in HPC at high temperatures

By P. Kalifa, F. Menneteau, D. Quenard. 2000

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Evaluation of pore structures and cracking in cement paste exposed to elevated temperatures by X-ray computed tomography (2013, background): “The significance of these features in assessments of heated concrete has led engineers to evaluate changes in themechanical properties [3–10], color [11–14], evolution of cracking [10,15–21], and spalling [10,22–29] of fire-damaged concrete in relation to various temperatures, and to develop methods”
A numerical model for predicting the fire resistance of reinforced concrete beams (2008, background): “Some researchers theorized spalling to be caused by the build-up of pore pressure during heating [4,5,13,14].”
Pore pressure development in hybrid fibre – reinforced high strength concrete at elevated temperatures (2011, result): “Duration of exposure of concrete to elevated temperatures especially for Plain HSC greatly contributes to its deterioration by spalling because of the increased likelihood of occurrence of multiple spalling of layers of concrete due to the continuous build – up of pore pressure with time in the deep”