Can Tip Vortices Enhance Lift of a Flapping Wing

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Very small insects use novel wing flapping and drag principle to generate the weight-supporting vertical force (2018, background): “…(Wolfinger & Rockwell 2014), and have partially explained the stability of the LEV [here the word ‘stability’ is used to describe whether the LEV remains attached throughout the stroke (stable) or if it is shed (unstable); e. g. Lentink & Dickinson 2009; Shyy et al. 2009; Wojcik & Buchholz 2014].”
Effects of flexibility on the aerodynamic performance of flapping wings (2011, background): “…= 4 flat plate would interact with the leading-edge vortex-enhancing lift compared to its two-dimensional counterpart, which contrasts the classical steadystate thin wing theory (Shyy et al. 2009; Trizila et al. 2011) that predicts the formation of wing-tip vortices as a lift-reducing flow feature.”
Recent progress in flapping wing aerodynamics and aeroelasticity (2010, methodology): “They categorized the aerodynamic loading into three parts: forces due to (i) translation (delayed stall of the LEV [50,72,153–155], (ii) rotation [50,51,156–157], and (iii) interaction with the wakes (wake capture [50,55]).”
Unsteady force generation and vortex dynamics of pitching and plunging aerofoils (2012, unknown): “The threedimensional LEV dynamics, such as the tip vortices associated with finite wings, are also numerically investigated [51-54].”