Dung feeding in adult scarabaeines (tunnellers and endocoprids): even large dung beetles eat small particles

By P. Holter, C. Scholtz, K. Wardhaugh. 2002

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Trophic Preferences Mediated by Olfactory Cues in Dung Beetles Colonizing Cattle and Horse Dung (2004, background): “Other experimental comparis onsof trophic preferencesin dung beetleshave been carried out in tropical regions(Es trada et al. 1993, Al-Houty and Al-Musalam 1997), North America (Gordon 1983), and Australia (reviewed in Holter et al. 2002 ).”
What do dung beetles eat? (2007, methodology): “This agrees with the earlier finding that, contrary to intuitive expectations, tunnellers specialising in coarse dung of rhino or elephant do not have larger MDIPs relative to body size than do species feeding on much finer ruminant dung ( Holter et al. , 2002 ).”
Herbivore dung as food for dung beetles: elementary coprology for entomologists (2016, background): “The maximum size of ingested particles (known range: 2–5 to 130 μm) depends mostly on the size of the beetle and, to some extent, on their nutritional ecology (Holter et al., 2002; Holter & Scholtz, 2005, 2007).”
Ecological functions and ecosystem services provided by Scarabaeinae dung beetles (2008, background): “Subsequent work indicates that scarabeine beetles strain out, rather than comminute large particles, using their soft, filtering setae to ingest only minute particles (8–50 lm) and squeezing the smaller remainder between the molar surfaces to remove excess liquid (Holter, 2002); consequently the spe”