Density of additively-manufactured, 316L SS parts using laser powder-bed fusion at powers up to 400 W

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3D printing of Aluminium alloys: Additive Manufacturing of Aluminium alloys using selective laser melting (2019, background): “An inapt combination of parameters leads to defect formation [34,35].”
Selective Laser Melting of Duplex Stainless Steel Powders: An Investigation (2016, background): “Of the five classes of stainless steels, mainly austenitic 316 L [15] and precipitation hardening 15–5 [17] and 17–4 [18] stainless steels attained further research attention applying SLM.”
Additive manufacturing of metallic components – Process, structure and properties (2018, background): “There is an abundance of literature reporting densities lower than theoretical densities owing to porosity for aluminum alloys [35,148,179,189,270,548,555,640–650], steels [651–657], nickel base alloys [180,368,378,401,494,503,507,509,658,659], stainless steels [33,205,267,312,357,468,469,485,660,66”
On the corrosion and metastable pitting characteristics of 316L stainless steel produced by selective laser melting (2017, background): “Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 164 (6) C250-C257 (2017) C251”