The Canadian underground and measured economies: Granger causality results

By David E. A. Giles, Lindsay M. Tedds, Gugsa Werkneh. 2002

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Corruption and the shadow economy: like oil and vinegar, like water and fire? (2011, unknown): “5See Thomas (1992), Schneider (1986, 1997, 2004, 2005), Johnson et al. (1998a, 1998b), Tanzi (1999), Giles et al. (2002), and Dell’Anno and Schneider (2003).”
Shadow economy and unemployment rate in USA: is there a structural relationship? An empirical analysis (2008, background): “…subject to a random error term "t. t is an unobserved or latent and is a scalar. is a (d 1) column vector of parameters that relates yt to t. yt ¼ t þ "t ð1Þ 5 For an overview on the relationship between official and unofficial economy see also Dell’Anno (2003, 2007), Giles et al. (2002).”
Estimating the Size of the Shadow Economy: Methods, Problems and Open Questions (2013, unknown): “25) Thomas (1992); Schneider (2003, 2005, 2011); Pozo (1996); Johnson et al. (1998a,b); Giles (1997a,b, 1999a,b,c); Giles and Tedds (2002), Giles et al. (2002), Del’Anno (2003) and Del’Anno and Schneider (2004).”