What's “Up”? A Critical Look at the Basic Terms of Canopy Biology1

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Microhabitat associations of vascular epiphytes in a wet tropical forest canopy (2015, background): “There were no secondary hemiepiphytes (i.e. those that begin rooted in terrestrial soil and lose their connection, Benzing 1990; also referred to as ‘nomadic vines’ in Moffett 2000).”
A Comparison of the Beetle (Coleoptera) Fauna Captured at Two Heights Above the Ground in a North American Temperate Deciduous Forest (2007, background): “Considerable confusion surrounds the word ‘‘canopy’’ (Moffett, 2000), but in this paper we use the term to refer to the vegetative zone formed by the crowns of the tallest trees.”
Plants on Plants – The Biology of Vascular Epiphytes (2016, background): “1.3): epiphytes, hemiepiphytes as originally defined by Schimper (1903), “nomadic vines” (Moffett 2000), and climbing plants sensu strictu (lianas and vines).”
Dominance, diversity and distribution of lianas in Yasuní, Ecuador: who is on top? (2002, background): “Lianas are defined here to include only climbing plants originally and permanently rooted in the ground and climbing with support from another plant, thus excluding all members of the Clusiaceae, Cyclanthaceae, and Araceae, families that include hemi-epiphytes or ‘nomads’ (Moffett 2000).”
The systematic distribution of vascular epiphytes – a critical update (2013, unknown): “Moffett MW. 2000.”