Evolutionary Genetics of Fishes

By B. Turner. Monographs in Evolutionary Biology, 2012

379 citations recorded by the source corpus.

1 Tetraploidy and the Evolution of Salmonid Fishes.- 1. Introduction: Polyploidy in Vertebrate Evolution.- 2. The Salmonid Tetraploid Event.- 2.1. Evidence for Ancestral Polyploidy.- 2.2. Time of the Event.- 2.3. Nature of the Tetraploid Event.- 3. Evolution of Chromosomes.- 3.1. Ancestral and Extant Karyotypes.- 3.2. Evolution of Disomy.- 4. Evolution of Proteins.- 4.1. Possible Fate of Protein Loci.- 4.2. Salmonid Enzymes.- 4.3. Regulation of Enzyme Loci.- 5. The Current Salmonid Genetic System.- 5.1. Sex Chromosomes and Sex Determination.- 5.2. Genetic Recombination.- 5.3. Aneuploidy and Polyploidy.- 5.4. Patterns of Genic Inheritance.- 5.5. Implications of Nondisomic Inheritance.- 6. Adaptive Significance of Polyploidy in Salmonids.- 6.1. Short-Term Success.- 6.2. Long-Term Success.- 7. Summary.- References.- 2 Tetraploidy and the Evolution of the Catostomid Fishes.- 1. Introduction.- 1.1. The Role of Gene Duplication in Evolution.- 1.2. Origin of the Catostomidae.- 1.3. Disomic versus Tetrasomic Inheritance.- 1.4. Early Biochemical Studies.- 2. Experimental and Theoretical Approaches.- 2.1. Starch Gel Electrophoresis and Activity Staining.- 2.2. Determination of the Number of Functional Gene Copies.- 2.3. Determination of Locus Homologies.- 3. Pathways of Duplicate Gene Evolution.- 3.1. Gene Silencing.- 3.2. Molecular Basis of Gene Silencing.- 3.2. Structural Divergence of Proteins.- 3.4. Evolution of the Regulation of Duplicate Genes.- 4. Population Genetics.- 4.1. Genetic Variability.- 4.2. Mathematical Models of the Rate of Gene Silencing.- 5. Systematics.- 5.1. Gene Duplication Analyses and Allozyme Approaches.- 5.2. Species Hybridization.- 6. Speculations on Catostomid Evolution and Directions for Future Research.- 6.1. The Advantages of Polyploidy.- 6.2. Future Research.- References.- 3 A New Look at Sex Determination in Poeciliid Fishes.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Polygenic Sex Determination in Fishes.- 3. The H-Y Locus.- 4. Polygenic Sex Determination in Mammals.- 5. The Sex-Determining Mechanism of the Platyfish, Xiphophorus maculatus.- 6. The Sex Ratio in the Swordtail, Xiphophorus helleri.- 7. Do Swordtails Change Sex?.- 8. Taxonomy and the Induction of the Heterogametic Gonad by H-Y (H-W).- 9. Atypical Sex Determination in Fishes.- 9.1. XX Males.- 9.2. WW, WX, and WY Males in the Platyfish.- 9.3. XY and YY Females in Xiphophorus maculatus.- 9.4. XY Females in Xiphophorus montezumae and Xiphophorus milleri.- 10. The Relationship between Atypical Sex Determination, Sex Ratio, Age at Maturity, and Adult Size.- 11. Most Small Males of Xiphorphorus nigrensis (Rio Choy) Are XX.- 12. The Frequency of the Autosomal Factors for Atypical Sex Determination in Natural Populations of Xiphophorus.- 13. The Effect of Extrinsic Factors on Sex Determination in Fishes.- 14. Sex Ratios and Sex Determination in Species Hybrids.- 15. The Sex-Determining System of Xiphophorus helleri.- 16. Summary.- Appendix. Sex Ratio Data for Various Xiphophorus Stocks.- References.- 4 Gene Mapping in Fishes and Other Vertebrates.- 1. Introduction.- 1.1. Evolutionary Stability of Linkage Groups.- 1.2. A Perspective on Gene Mapping.- 1.3. Genetic Maps of Protein-Coding Loci in Vertebrates.- 2. Linkage Relationships of Protein-Coding Loci in Fishes.- 2.1. Xiphophorus, Poeciliidae.- 2.2. Homology of Xiphophorus Proteins with Those Studied in Other Fishes.- 2.3. Poeciliopsis, Poeciliidae.- 2.4. Poecilia reticulata, Poeciliidae.- 2.5. Freshwater Sunfishes, Centrarchidae.- 2.6. Trout and Salmon, Salmonidae.- 3. Comparisons of Linkage Groups of Fishes with Other Vertebrates.- 4. Potential for Expansion of Linkage Maps in Fishes.- 5. Uses of Linkage Maps.- References.- 5 The Evolutionary Genetics of Xiphophorus.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Materials and Methods.- 2.1. Allozyme Variation.- 2.2. Symbols, Calculations, and Statistics.- 2.3. Collecting Localities.- 3. Five Sets of Polymorphic Loci.- 3.1. The Tailspot Locus.- 3.2. Tailspot Pattern Modifiers.- 3.3. Bodyspot Locus.- 3.4. Allozyme Loci.- 3.5. The Pituitary Locus.- 4. Geographic Clines in Genetic Diversity.- 4.1. Tailspot Locus.- 4.2. Allozyme Loci.- 4.3. Bodyspot Locus.- 5. The Tailspot Hypothesis.- 6. New Support for the Tailspot Hypothesis.- 6.1. Genetic Correlates of Relative Condition.- 6.2. Additional Field Data.- 6.3. Laboratory Studies.- 7. Maintenance of the Tailspot Polymorphism.- 8. Summary.- References.- 6 Apomictic Reproduction in the Amazon Molly,Poecilia formosa, and Its Triploid Hybrids.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Cytological Considerations.- 2.1. Ameiotic Reproduction in Unisexuals of Poecilia.- 2.2. Alternatives to Apomixis.- 3. Concluding Remarks.- References.- 7 Evolutionary Ecology of Unisexual Fishes.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Evolutionary Ecology of Parthenogenetic Vertebrates.- 3. The Adaptive Value in Being a Parthenogenetic Vertebrate.- 3.1. Production of Only Female Offspring.- 3.2. High Colonizing and Recolonizing Ability.- 3.3. Preservation of Adaptive Gene Complexes.- 3.4. Heterosis.- 3.5. The Competitive Interaction Hypothesis (Parthenospecies as "Weeds" Ecological Intermediacy Multiple Niches).- 4. The Problem of Coexistence.- 5. Clonal Diversity.- References.- 8 The Evolution of Clonal Diversity in Poeciliopsis.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Frozen Niche Variation Hypothesis.- 2.1. Polyphyletic Hybrid Origins.- 2.2 Ecological Studies of Clones.- 2.3. Variation in Sexual Ancestors.- 2.4. Stability of the Phenotype.- 2.5. Synthetic Clones.- 3. Mutations and Muller's Ratchet Mechanism.- 3.1. Silent Mutations of Enzymes.- 3.2. Dominant and Recessive Lethals.- 3.3. Mutations and Sexual Mimicry.- 4. Recombination.- 4.1. Trihybrid Unisexuals.- 4.2. The Triploids.- 4.3. Linkage Arrangements.- 5. Summary and Conclusions.- References.- 9 Evolutionary Phenetics and Genetics: The Threespine Stickback, Gasteroteus aculeatus, and Related Species.- 1. Introduction.- 1.1. Biology of Gasterosteus aculeatus.- 1.2. Phylogenetic Relationships.- 2. Variable Features.- 2.1. Lateral Plate Phenotypes.- 2.2. Variation in Coloration.- 2.3. Gill Raker Number Variation.- 2.4. Body Size Variation.- 2.5. Dorsal Spine Number Variation.- 2.6. Spine Length Variation.- 2.7. Pelvic Structure Variation.- 2.8. Protein Polymorphism.- 3. Divergent Gasterosteus Populations.- 3.1. Populations with Reduced Armor.- 3.2. The Giant Black Stickleback of Mayer Lake.- 3.3. Populations with Male Nuptial Melanism.- 3.4. Other Notable Populations.- 4. Parallelism.- 5. Evolutionary Rates.- 5.1. Evidence from the Fossil Record.- 5.2. Divergence in Recently Deglaciated Areas.- 5.3. Rates over Historical Periods.- 5.4. Conclusions.- 6. Conclusions 515 Appendix A. Measurement of Morphological Features in Gasterosteus aculeatus.- A1. Sampling.- A2. Fixation, Staining, and Preservation.- A3. Scoring Morphological Features.- Appendix B. Crossing and Rearing Gasterosteus aculeatus.- References.- 10 Population Genetics of North Atlantic Catadromous Eels (Anguilla).- 1. Introduction.- 1.1. Life Cycle of Anguilla.- 1.2. Classic Evidence on Taxonomy and Life History.- 1.3. More Recent Discussions of the Life History.- 2. Panmixia or Self-Maintaining Local Populations?.- 2.1. Aspects of the Life History.- 2.2. Genetic and Geographic Variation in North Atlantic Anguilla Populations.- 2.3. Spatial Genetic Variation in North American Anguilla.- 2.4. Spatial Genetic Variation in European Anguilla.- 3. Panmixia with Strong Selection versus Local Populations.- 3.1. Intercontinental Genetic Differentiation in North Atlantic Anguilla.- 3.2. Intercontinental Morphological Differentiation.- 4. Sex Determination.- References.- 11 Allozymes of the Cyprinid Fishes: Variation and Application.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Methods.- 2.1. Collection and Documentation.- 2.2. Enzyme and Locus Nomenclature.- 2.3. Tissue and Buffer Optima.- 3. Genetic Variation.- 3.1. Heterozygosity.- 3.2. Allozyme Differentiation among Taxa.- 3.3. Comparisons with Karyotypic Differentiation.- 3.4. Comparisons with Immunological Differentiation.- 3.5. Comparisons with Morphological Differentiation.- 4. Applications.- 4.1. Hybridization and Introgression.- 4.2. Rates of Evolution.- 4.3. Biochemical Identification.- 4.4. Systematics.- 5. Recommendations for Future Research.- 5.1. Geographic Sampling Strategy: Synthesis of ? and ? Analyses.- 5.2. Reevaluation of "Magnitude" Arguments in Taxonomy.- 5.3. Application of Phylogenetic Methods.- References.- 12 Descriptive Genetics of Cichlid Fishes.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Genome Size.- 3. Electrophoretic Characterization.- 4. Chromosomes.- 5. Sex Markers.- 6. Hybridization.- 7. Summary.- References.

Subfields: Aquatic Science, Genetics, Molecular Biology

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