Residual stress. Part 2 – Nature and origins

By P. Withers, H. Bhadeshia. 2001

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Recent advances in friction-stir welding : Process, weldment structure and properties (2008, methodology): “Residual stresses in the weld can be measured by using: 1) diffraction studies using X-ray or neutron sources without destroying the weld and 2) destructive hole-drilling methods [127, 128, 131].”
Steels for bearings (2012, background): “Type III stresses, on the other hand, balance within the grain [700, 701].”
A review of wire arc additive manufacturing and advances in wire arc additive manufacturing of aluminium (2018, background): “The formation of residual stresses in a component by different means, its classification, measuring methods and the effect on performance is well addressed by Withers and Bhadeshia [83,84].”
Residual stress distributions in welded stainless steel sections (2014, positive): “For cold-formed sections, residual stresses are mainly attributed to the coiling-uncoiling of the sheet material and to the press-braking or cold rolling operations [3,4], whereas in fabricated sections the localised welding heat input and uneven cooling are the key sources of residual stresses [5].”