Toxin-antitoxin systems in bacteria and archaea.

By Y. Yamaguchi, Jung-Ho Park, M. Inouye. Annual Review of Genetics, 2011

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Systematic discovery of anti-phage defense systems in the microbial pan-genome (2018, background): “Genes functioning within the same defense system are frequently encoded on the same operon, and the gene order within the operon is highly conserved among distantly related organisms sharing the same system (3, 7, 9, 16, 19, 20).”
Quantifying absolute protein synthesis rates reveals principles underlying allocation of cellular resources. (2014, background): “coli contains at least 12 type II TA systems, each consisting of a toxin protein and an antitoxin protein in a bicistronic operon (Yamaguchi et al., 2011).”
Evolving new protein-protein interaction specificity through promiscuous intermediates (2015, neutral): “The biological function of TA systems is unclear, but they have been implicated in stress responses, resistance to phage, formation of persister cells, and bacterial pathogenicity (Yamaguchi et al., 2011).”
Biofilm-Related Infections: Bridging the Gap between Clinical Management and Fundamental Aspects of Recalcitrance toward Antibiotics (2014, background): “Although the molecular nature of TA modules varies, from protein to RNA molecules, the toxin is usually a stable component that inhibits major cellular functions, such as translation and replication (96, 97).”