Discrete element simulations of direct shear specimen scale effects

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DEM analysis of energy dissipation in crushable soils (2012, methodology): “The eventual formation of a major shear band in a dense specimen has been shown to surely occur due to the gradual decay of particle breakage in our previous study (Wang and Yan, 2011).”
On the role of particle breakage in the shear failure behavior of granular soils by DEM (2013, methodology): “The strain distributions are calculated on a 2-D basis for the middle plane of the specimen perpendicular to the y-axis using the mesh-free strain calculation method previously developed by the first author [36, 40, 41].”
DEM investigation of particle anti-rotation effects on the micromechanical response of granular materials (2013, methodology): “This method can accurately account for the material shear deformation caused by particle rotation [6,15,50,51].”