Optimal differential energy watermarking of DCT encoded images and video

By G. C. Langelaar, Reginald L. Lagendijk. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, 2001

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Wavelet tree quantization for copyright protection watermarking (2004, methodology): “Using the disparity between super trees to extract the watermark is similar to the method in [11], which uses energy difference between macroblocks for watermark extraction.”
A guide tour of video watermarking (2003, methodology): “On the detector side, the energy difference is computed and the embedded bit is determined according to the sign of the difference D: This algorithm has been further improved to adapt the cut-off index c to the frequency content of the considered n 8 8 block and so that the energy difference D is gr”