Effects of ion bombardment on a two-dimensional target: Atomistic simulations of graphene irradiation

By O. Lehtinen, J. Kotakoski, A. Krasheninnikov, A. Tolvanen, Kai Nordlund, J. Keinonen. 2010

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Raman spectroscopy study of the transformation of the carbonaceous skeleton of a polymer-based nanoporous carbon along the thermal annealing pathway (2015, background): “Based on the simulation of ion bombardment on graphene [64], it is thought that of the defects introduced by the ion bombardment used here, around 50% will be single vacancies (SVs), with double vacancies (DVs) being less common, and Stone–Wales defects (SWs) very uncommon.”
Structural defects in graphene. (2011, background): “Graphene becomes essentially transparent for highenergy ions.(92) Figure 12c presents the displacement threshold in graphene (minimum energy for displacing Figure 9.”
Production and processing of graphene and related materials (2020, background): “Defects are very reactive and they could get passivated with air contamination [1349, 1350].”
Water on graphene: review of recent progress (2018, background): “Nanopores with finite size distribution in graphene can be induced by a variety of methods, such as electron and ion beam irradiation [52, 53] that nucleate reactive defects in graphene, which can be selectively grown into larger pores by chemical and plasma etching.”