The effect of ionic contaminants on the early-age properties of alkali-activated fly ash-based cements

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Strength and microstructural properties of fly ash based geopolymer concrete containing high-calcium and water-absorptive aggregate (2016, background): “It has been studied that the excessive content of calcium in the geopolymer system is presenting a large number of nucleation centers in the initial paste solution hence increasing its solidification rate (Lee and Van Deventer, 2002; Van Deventer et al., 2007).”
Alkali-activated binders: A review. Part 2. About materials and binders manufacture (2008, background): “Lee and Deventer [55] reported on increasing dissolution due to an excess of alkali, but it also leads to a formation of a alumino-silicate gel in the first curing ages, leading to mechanical strength decrease.”
Alkali-activated binders: A review: Part 1. Historical background, terminology, reaction mechanisms and hydration products (2008, background): “For Lee and Deventer [36] one of the differences between the OPC binders and the alkali-activated ones is that in the first case it uses water with an initial neutral pH that slowly turns alkaline (12–13) as the hydration process undergoes a series of non-hydrated particles and several types of crys”