A numerical study of the effects of atmospheric and wake turbulence on wind turbine dynamics

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Optimal smoothing length scale for actuator line models of wind turbine blades based on Gaussian body force distribution (2015, background): “The ALM has been particularly popular in large-eddy simulations (LES) of wind turbine blades [4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12].”
On the onset of wake meandering for an axial flow turbine in a turbulent open channel flow (2014, methodology): “…the rotor diameter) is the finest resolution for actuator-type LES reported to date in the literature – for example, about 33, 50, 60 and 70 nodes per rotor diameter were employed in Lu & Porté-Agel (2011), Churchfield et al. (2012), Troldborg et al. (2011) and Ivanell et al. (2010), respectively.”
A concurrent precursor inflow method for Large Eddy Simulations and applications to finite length wind farms (2014, methodology): “This method has been applied in some earlier LES studies of finite length wind farms [12, 22, 37].”
Optimization of wind plant layouts using an adjoint approach (2017, background): “This differentiability with respect to position is crucial for gradientbased layout optimization, and smoothly distributing rotor forces is common practice in actuator disk (Wu and PortéAgel, 2010) and actuator line (Churchfield et al., 2012) implementations.”