Cranial histology of pachycephalosaurs (Ornithischia: Marginocephalia) reveals transitory structures inconsistent with head-butting behavior

By M. Goodwin, J. Horner. Paleobiology, 2004

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The evolution of ‘bizarre structures’ in dinosaurs: biomechanics, sexual selection, social selection or species recognition? (2011, background): “…of the brain during head-butting, by analogy to similar bone in bighorn sheep (Galton, 1970), is actually characteristic of juvenile skulls; the skulls of adults, in which most head-butting would have been expected to occur, have compact bone in their external cortices (Goodwin & Horner, 2004).”
Does mutual sexual selection explain the evolution of head crests in pterosaurs and dinosaurs (2012, background): “However, with no other option, it is likely that a pachycephalosaur would engage in combat, though whether or not the skull and body were capable of absorbing the shock of such an attack is uncertain (Carpenter 1997; Goodwin & Horner 2004; Snively & Cox 2008).”