Detection and monitoring of hidden fatigue crack growth using a built-in piezoelectric sensor/actuator network: I. Diagnostics

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Piezoelectric Transducer-Based Structural Health Monitoring for Aircraft Applications (2019, background): “It shows great promise of being embraced by the aerospace industry as capable of monitoring the structural condition throughout its service lifetime [4,5].”
Pitch-catch Active Sensing Methods in Structural Health Monitoring for Aircraft Structures (2008, methodology): “Accordingly, by selecting appropriate Lamb wave modes from the receiving sensor measurements, the following damage indices were proposed by the authors [8,9] to quantify crack and debond size:”
Recent Progress on PZT Based Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting Technologies (2016, background): “Up to now, the piezoelectric effect, which is an energy conversion phenomena leading to the electrical energy generated by an applied force and a mechanical deformation by an applied electric field, have been extensively utilized to demonstrate various devices, such as transducers [1,2], sensors [3–”
Performance assessment and validation of piezoelectric active-sensors in structural health monitoring (2006, background): “These transducers can be installed either individually (Kessler et al 2002) or collectively, such as smart layer networks (Ihn and Chang 2004), or the sensors (such as PVDF) can cover the entire surface of the structure (Hurlebaus and Gaul 2004).”