Hydraulic architecture of leaf blades: where is the main resistance?

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Hydraulic and environmental limitations to leaf water relations in trees with respect to canopy position (2006, background): “In general, leaves account for approximately one quarter of the whole-plant hydraulic resistance (Sack et al., 2003), whereas 60–90% of the resistance is located in the extra-vascular pathway (Cochard et al., 2004; Gasco et al., 2004; Sack et al., 2004).”
Structural determinants of leaf light-harvesting capacity and photosynthetic potentials (2006, background): “components of the hydraulic pathway are important in determining the overall hydraulic conductance ( Cochard et al. 2004; Sack et al. 2004; Sack and Tyree 2005).”
Circadian regulation of leaf hydraulic conductance in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L. cv Margot) (2005, methodology): “cular compartment (Rnv) was calculated as Rnv = Rleaf - Rv assuming vascular and extra-vascular compartments as hydraulic resistances arranged in series which can be considered as approximately true at least as a first modelling approach to leaf hydraulics (Cochard et al. 2004).”
Leaf hydraulics. (2006, background): “general corresponds to a higher supply capacity (or K max leaf ), not by increasing the conductance through the vein xylem system per se (34), but rather primarily by increasing the surface area for exchange of xylem water with surrounding mesophyll, and reducing the distance through which water tra”