Polarization, Fractionalization and Conflict

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Voting intentions in Africa: ethnic, economic or partisan? (2012, result): “These findings resonate with recent scholarship on conflict by Esteban and Ray (2008), who find that measures of fractionalisation and polarisation tend to run in opposite directions, proposing that conflict occurrence in highly polarised societies is likely to be low, whereas its intensity is…”
Ethnicity and Conflict: An Empirical Study (2012, background): “For explicit models of the decision to enter into conflict, see Esteban and Ray (2007, 2008) and Ray (2009).”
Economic growth and ethnic violence: An empirical investigation of Hindu—Muslim riots in India (2010, background): “5 Along the same lines as the above argument, Esteban & Ray (2008a) have constructed a model to demonstrate that in situations where the incentives for the poor to incite class conflict increase, the rich prefer ethnic conflict rather than class conflict.”