The push and pull of climate change causes heterogeneous shifts in avian elevational ranges

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Climate change and elevational range shifts: Evidence from dung beetles in two European mountain ranges (2014, result): “Although elevational range limits shifted upwards for the majority of species, consistent with a response to climate change, a small proportion of species in both regions showed downward changes in one or both range limits in agreement with other recent studies (Tingley et al., 2012).”
Ecological and life-history traits explain recent boundary shifts in elevation and latitude of western North American songbirds (2014, background): “For example, species may differ in how sensitive they are to different climatic factors, e.g. temperature versus precipitation (Tingley et al., 2012), temporal aspects of climate change, e.g. long-term averages, more recent climate norms, or extremes (Beever et al., 2010).”
Vulnerability of global biodiversity hotspots to climate change (2021, background): “Recorded observations of species shifting downslope or towards lower latitudes is a complication in assessing vulnerability and runs counter to the expected response to climate warming (Crimmins et al., 2011; Lenoir & Svenning, 2015; Tingley et al., 2012).”
Common montane birds are declining in northern Europe (2014, background): “In Costa Rica, Peru and the US Sierra Nevada mountains, several bird species have shifted their distribution uphill (Pounds et al. 1999, Forero-Medina et al. 2011, Tingley et al. 2012).”