What are the differences between long-term, short-term, and working memory?

By Nelson Cowan. Progress in Brain Research, 2008

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How researchers see this paper

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Modelling neural correlates of working memory: A coordinate-based meta-analysis (2011, neutral): “This stems in part from the apparent lack of an unequivocally accepted distinction between both concepts (Cowan, 2008).”
Information-based rhythmic transcranial magnetic stimulation to accelerate learning during auditory working memory training: a proof-of-concept study (2024, background): “Working memory, the ability to manipulate information stored within short-term memory, is a fundamental cognitive function that underlies verbal comprehension and many other complex processes (Baddeley, 2003; Cowan, 2008).”
Working Memory and Transcranial-Alternating Current Stimulation—State of the Art: Findings, Missing, and Challenges (2022, methodology): “The multicomponent model initially consisted of three subcomponents, namely the phonological loop (verbal WM), the central executive, and the visuospatial sketchpad (visuospatial WM) (Baddeley and Hitch, 1974; Baars and Franklin, 2003; Cowan, 2008; Kim et al., 2015).”