Arsenic-induced oxidative stress and its reversibility.

By S. Flora. Free Radical Biology & Medicine, 2011

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Heavy Metals and Human Health: Mechanistic Insight into Toxicity and Counter Defense System of Antioxidants (2015, background): “Difference in their toxicities along with their biological affects arises with respect to their uptake and as such accumulation in the cellular system; pentavalent arsenicals (AsV) taken up less efficiently show a lower rate of accumulation than trivalent species (AsIII) [82].”
Arsenic Uptake, Toxicity, Detoxification, and Speciation in Plants: Physiological, Biochemical, and Molecular Aspects (2018, background): “In addition, methylated forms of As are known to deliver redox-active iron (Fe) species from ferritin within the mitochondria [198].”
Arsenic-induced metabolic disturbances and their mitigation mechanisms in crop plants: A review (2016, background): “Proteins are also damaged/ modified covalently by As-induced ROS, thereby delivering reactive carbonyl species (Flora 2011; Parkhey et al. 2014) (Fig.”
The Broad Scope of Health Effects from Chronic Arsenic Exposure: Update on a Worldwide Public Health Problem (2013, background): “Arsenic renders its toxicity via numerous mechanisms: Arsenic is genotoxic and has multiple effects on cellular signaling, cellular proliferation, DNA structure, epigenetic regulation, and apoptosis (Flora 2011; Ren et al. 2011; States et al. 2011).”