Wind tunnel measurements of crown streamlining and drag relationships for three conifer species

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The debate about drag and reconfiguration of freshwater macrophytes: comparing results obtained by three recently discussed approaches (2006, background): “Even the best measurement techniques currently available are unable to resolve all these spatial scales through the stands of any of the macrophytes illustrated in Sand-Jensen’s (2003) Fig.”
Characteristic reference areas for estimating flow resistance of natural foliated vegetation (2013, methodology): “…revealed that the F/A0 values for the present 394 Black Poplars were on average 74% of those for tall Black Poplars computed from Koizumi et al. (2010), and 43-56% 395 of those for Trembling Aspens and 53-57% of those for Black Cottonwoods computed from Vollsinger et al. (2005) 396 (Figure 10a).”
Wind tunnel measurements of crown streamlining and drag relationships for several hardwood species (2005, methodology): “27 the hardwood drag coefficients are less than half the values typically reported for needled conifers at equivalent speeds (e.g., Mayhead 1973; Rudnicki et al. 2004).”
The periodic motion of lodgepole pine trees as affected by collisions with neighbors (2008, background): “Trees are adaptive, flexible, dynamic structures that sway and streamline to reduce and survive large drag loads (Niklas 1998; Niklas and Speck 2001; Rudnicki et al. 2004; Vollsinger et al. 2005) from wind.”