The Articulata hypothesis – or what is a segment?

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Higher-level metazoan relationships: recent progress and remaining questions (2011, background): “Although the idea of arthropods as being allied to nematodes has a long history (reviewed by Scholtz 2002), the union of Panarthropoda and Cycloneuralia as Ecdysozoa (Aguinaldo et al. 1997) was originally established using data from the small nuclear ribosomal subunit (18S rRNA) and has been…”
The Tetraconata concept: hexapod-crustacean relationships and the phylogeny of Crustacea (2002, background): “A common character of all Euarthropoda – as well as of other taxa (see Scholtz 2002, this volume) – is the ladder-like organisation of the ventral nerve cord.”
Morphology of the nervous system of Polychaeta (Annelida) (2005, background): “…Arthropoda and several Nemathelminthes taxa, would imply that the segmentation found in annelids and arthropods, and with it the ropeladder-like nervous system, must be either convergent or an ancestral feature of protostomes or even bilaterians (see Scholtz, 2002 for thorough discussion).”
Morphology should not be forgotten in the era of genomics—a phylogenetic perspective (2015, background): “While the use of species as terminals is a logical, albeit time consuming, solution to thefirst problem—andmay require codingmultiple species with disparate morphologies per phylum—resolving issues of homology can be complicated in many cases, especially when dealing with complex characters such as ”