Hard carbons for sodium-ion batteries: Structure, analysis, sustainability, and electrochemistry

By Xinwei Dou, Ivana Hasa, D. Saurel, C. Vaalma, Liming Wu, D. Buchholz, D. Bresser, Shinichi Komaba, Stefano Passerini. Materials Today, 2019

836 citations recorded by the source corpus.

Abstract Hard carbons are extensively studied for application as anode materials in sodium-ion batteries, but only recently a great interest has been focused toward the understanding of the sodium storage mechanism and the comprehension of the structure–function correlation. Although several interesting mechanisms have been proposed, a general mechanism explaining the observed electrochemical processes is still missing, which is essentially originating from the remaining uncertainty on the complex hard carbons structure. The achievement of an in-depth understanding of the processes occurring upon sodiation, however, is of great importance for a rational design of optimized anode materials. In this review, we aim at providing a comprehensive overview of the up-to-date known structural models of hard carbons and their correlation with the proposed models for the sodium-ion storage mechanisms. In this regard, a particular focus is set on the most powerful analytical tools to study the structure of hard carbons (upon de-/sodiation) and a critical discussion on how to interpret and perform such analysis. Targeting the eventual commercialization of hard carbon anodes for sodium-ion batteries – after having established a fundamental understanding – we close this review with a careful evaluation of potential strategies to ensure a high degree of sustainability, since this is undoubtedly a crucial parameter to take into account for the future large-scale production of hard carbons.

Subfields: Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials

View Paper: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/af97e3dfa58b16e981963a76b7de43853ce19dfe

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In Electrical and Electronic Engineering

1. Fei Xie
2. Zhen Xu
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In Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials

1. Fei Xie
2. Zhen Xu
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Citations in the corpus

• Hard carbons for sodium-ion batteries and beyond (2020, background): “Furthermore, the low cost, sustainability, and simplicity of manufacture also make hard carbon materials the most promising candidates for the practical commercialisation of SIBs [58, 60, 61].”