Parental condition, brood sex ratio and differential young survival: an experimental study in gulls (Larus fuscus)

By R. Nager, P. Monaghan, D. Houston, M. Genovart. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 2000

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Maternal hormones as a tool to adjust offspring phenotype in avian species. (2005, background): “Males in this gull species are 15% larger and likely to be more vulnerable to food shortage [51].”
Effects of elevated yolk testosterone levels on survival, growth and immunity of male and female yellow-legged gull chicks (2005, unknown): “…male-biased sex ratio of T-treated clutches: if males are larger and more competitive, as it is the case in closely related gull species (e.g. Griffiths 1992; Nager et al. 2000; Verboven et al. 2003), a stronger competition for food in male-biased clutches may result in lower body mass of T chicks.”
Experimental manipulation of maternal effort produces differential effects in sons and daughters: implications for adaptive sex ratios in the blue-footed booby (2002, methodology): “Experimental manipulation was made at the early chick stage to control effects operating via eggs (see Nager et al., 2000).”
Influences of sex, sex composition of brood and hatching order on mass growth in common terns Sterna hirundo (2003, background): “This suggestion is consistent with the finding that a combination of poor parental condition and a male-biased brood sex ratio had negative effects mainly on son survival (lesser black-backed gull, Nager et al. 2000; shag, Daunt et al. 2001; common tern, Gonz lez-Sol s et al. 2003).”