Adult life-span patterns in WAIS-R Block Design performance: Cross-sectional versus longitudinal age gradients and relations to demographic factors

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Education and Cognitive Functioning Across the Life Span (2020, background): “…that, on average, declines (i.e., there is a negative average rate of change; the second assessment of performance is lower than the first assessment) in performance begin in middle age or earlier and accelerate with age (Ghisletta et al., 2019; Rönnlund & Nilsson, 2006; Schaie, 1994, 2005).”
Ageing and Skills: A Review and Analysis of Skill Gain and Skill Loss over the Lifespan and over Time. OECD Education Working Papers, No. 72. (2012, unknown): “Interestingly, Rönnlund and Nilsson (2006) found that for a measure of spatial orientation, crosssectional and longitudinal age-skill profiles have a very similar shape if one controls for education differences in the former and for practice effects in the latter.”
Selective review of cognitive aging (2010, methodology): “A project by Ronnlund and colleagues (i.e., Ronnlund & Nilsson, 2006 ; Ronnlund, Nyberg, Backman, & Nilsson, 2005 ) involved data from approximately 1000 adults between 30 and 80 years of age on the Block Design test (2006), and on Episodic Memory and Semantic Memory factors (2005).”