Femtosecond Optical Frequency Comb: Principle, Operation and Applications

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Optical frequency comb generation from a monolithic microresonator (2007, background): “Optical frequency combs[1, 2, 3] provide equidistant frequency markers in the infrared, visible and ultra-violet[4, 5] and can link an unknown optical frequency to a radio or microwave frequency reference[6, 7].”
Nobel Lecture: Passion for precision* (2006, methodology): “We would have to reach an accuracy of 5 parts in 1015 in order to measure the line position to 1% of this width.”
Electric field-induced second-order nonlinear optical effects in silicon waveguides (2016, neutral): “tforms (e.g. LiNbO 3, P 2ω/Pω 2=204%/W [4], GaAs, P 2ω/Pω 2=6.6%/W [5], GaN, P 2ω/Pω 2=0.02%/W [6]). High SHG efficiency is required to stabilize octavespanning combs for precise frequency references [7]. The demonstrations in other integrated platforms was possible due to large , high modal overlap”
Optical atomic clocks (2014, background): “…and the development of 7 optical combs that provide the counters and convenient means for optical frequency comparisons (Cundiff and Ye, 2003; Diddams et al., 2000; Grosche et al., 2008; Hollberg et al., 2005a; Schibli et al., 2008; Stenger et al., 2002; Udem et al., 1999; Ye and Cundiff, 2005).”