Where Have All the IPOs Gone

By Xiaohui Gao, Jay R. Ritter, Zhongyan Zhu. 2013

456 citations recorded by the source corpus.

Subfields: Accounting, Economics and Econometrics

View Paper: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/ad4a61253ac266faed73a4ca5eb5196d4e60697f

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Citations in the corpus

Squaring venture capital valuations with reality (2020, background): “Cong, Howell, and Zhang (2017), Gao, Ritter, and Zhu (2013), Ritter (2015), and Ritter and Welch (2002) study various aspects of the IPO market, including its impact on the VC industry.”
Using 10-K Text to Gauge Financial Constraints (2015, background): “As reported in Gao, Ritter, and Zhu (2013) and Doidge, Karolyi, and Stulz (2013), fewer U.S. firms have been going public in the last decade.”
Equity retention and social network theory in equity crowdfunding (2016, unknown): “The related increase in fixed costs of compliance with new regulation deterred many small firms from going public (Gao et al. 2013; Ritter et al. 2013).”
Are US Industries Becoming More Concentrated?* (2019, unknown): “Consistent with the evidence in Gao et al. (2013), Doidge et al. (2017), and others, the number of public firms has significantly declined since the late 1990s.”
The JOBS Act and IPO Volume: Evidence that Disclosure Costs Affect the IPO Decision (2015, background): “As shown by Gao, Ritter, and Zhu (2013), between 1990 and 2000, exits via IPOs and trade sales were both common, although the percentage of exits via trade sale was rising.”
Governmental venture capital for innovative young firms (2014, unknown): “…firm may be more likely to be acquired than to go public in the current economic climate, due to the higher importance of a fast time-to-market and the higher economies of scope that can be achieved through a merger with a strategic, established acquirer (Gao et al. 2013; Ritter et al. 2013).”
Financial Wealth, Socioemotional Wealth, and IPO Underpricing in Family Firms: A Two-stage Gamble Model (2017, background): “proportion of firms going public have been acquired shortly after IPO (Gao et al., 2013).”
Are US Industries Becoming More Concentrated (2019, unknown): “Gao, Ritter, and Zhu (2013) and Doidge, Karolyi and Stulz (2013) document a dramatic decline in the number of IPOs starting from 2000.”
Where has all the skewness gone? The decline in high-growth (young) firms in the U.S. (2015, background): “Moreover, as Gao et al. (2013) show the number of IPOs fell dramatically in the post-2000 period.”
Ten Facts on Declining Business Dynamism and Lessons from Endogenous Growth Theory (2019, background): “(2017)—who argue that merger and acquisition activity is one contributor to higher market concentration—and with Gao et al. (2013)—who claim that one reason for the decline in the number of initial public offerings in the past two decades is that startups have become likelier to sell their assets to”