Asphalt Oxidation Mechanisms and the Role of Oxidation Products on Age Hardening Revisited

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The mechanisms of hydrated lime modification of asphalt mixtures: a state-of-the-art review (2013, background): “Chemical interaction with the bitumen Bitumen ageing is a complex phenomenon and remains an active research area (Petersen & Glaser, 2011).”
Molecular dynamics investigation of interfacial adhesion between oxidised bitumen and mineral surfaces (2019, background): “The sulfoxides formed at sulphur atoms and ketones formed at benzylic carbon atoms have been identified as the major oxidation products [15, 47].”
Effect of laboratory aging on chemistry and rheology of crumb rubber modified bitumen (2020, background): “[6] reported that the alcohols, which are formed concurrently with the sulfoxides from the same hydroperoxide precursors as the ketones, have a similar effect on bitumen viscosity increase as do the ketones.”