Radial evolution of nonthermal electron populations in the low‐latitude solar wind: Helios, Cluster, and Ulysses Observations

By Š. Štverák, M. Maksimović, P. Trávnícek, Eckart Marsch, A. Fazakerley, E. Scime. 2009

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Introduction to special section on Origins and Properties of Kappa Distributions: Statistical Background and Properties of Kappa Distributions in Space Plasmas (2015, background): “…the inner heliosphere, including solar wind [e.g., Collier et al., 1996; Mann et al., 2002; Maksimovic et al., 2005; Marsch, 2006; Zouganelis, 2008; Štverák et al., 2009; Livadiotis and McComas, 2010a, 2011a, 2013d; Yoon, 2014], solar corona [e.g., Owocki and Scudder, 1983; Vocks et al., 2008; Lee…”
First In Situ Measurements of Electron Density and Temperature from Quasi-thermal Noise Spectroscopy with Parker Solar Probe/FIELDS (2019, background): “…a beaming component aligned to the magnetic field (also known as Strahl), was previously found to represent 4%–10% of the distribution (McComas et al. 1992; Štverák et al. 2009) and was found to have a temperature decreasing weakly with the distance (Phillips et al. 1995b; Pierrard et al. 2016).”
Kappa Distributions: Theory and Applications in Space Plasmas (2010, background): “Radial evolution of nonthermal electron populations in the low-latitude solar wind with Helios, Cluster, and Ulysses observations shows that the relative number of strahl electrons is decreasing with radial distance, whereas the relative number of halo electrons is increasing (Stverak et al. 2009).”