Certifying in Contested Spaces: private regulation in Indonesian forestry and palm oil

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Towards global voluntary standards: : Questioning the effectiveness in attaining conservation goals: The case of the Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO) (2014, background): “In conclusion, the HCVF established in a top-down manner by RSPO is not part of the national legal framework and does not benefit from societal support (McCarthy, 2012).”
Palms of controversies: oil palm and development challenges (2014, background): “This puts the credibility of the whole process of certification at stake (McCarthy 2012).”
Marking the success or end of global multi-stakeholder governance? The rise of national sustainability standards in Indonesia and Brazil for palm oil and soy (2014, background): “A third explanation is that any reflection on learning and empowerment through global private partnerships is biased to NGOs and social movements (McCarthy 2012; Pattberg 2005).”
Certification, good agricultural practice and smallholder heterogeneity: Differentiated pathways for resolving compliance gaps in the Indonesian oil palm sector (2019, background): “…to foster more productive linkages with independent smallholders not only underlie and reinforce these barriers, but in many cases actually facilitate unsustainable practices such as fire, forest encroachment and peat conversion (McCarthy, 2012; Pacheco et al., 2018; Luttrell et al., 2018).”