The Cape honeybee phenomenon: the sympatric evolution of a social parasite in real time?

By P. Neumann, R. Moritz. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 2002

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Global invasions of the western honeybee (Apis mellifera) and the consequences for biodiversity (2005, background): “Indeed, the invasive spread of A. m. capensis social parasites is promoted by migratory beekeeping practice (Johannsmeier, 1983; Neumann & Moritz, 2002).”
A survey of managed honey bee colony losses in the Republic of South Africa–2009 to 2011 (2014, background): “…the parasitic capensis clone workers (Hepburn and Allsopp, 1994; Baudry et al., 2004; Dietemann et al., 2009), which are able to invade and take over the reproduction in A. m. scutellata host colonies after which the host colony slowly dwindles (Neumann and Hepburn, 2002; Neumann and Moritz, 2002).”
Ovariole number—a predictor of differential reproductive success among worker subfamilies in queenless honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) colonies (2006, background): “…in two instances only, in the Cape honeybee, A. mellifera capensis (Hepburn and Radloff 1998), especially when parasitizing A. mellifera scutellata colonies (Neumann and Moritz 2002), and in a rare mutant phenotype termed the ‘anarchistic’ bee (Montague and Oldroyd 1998; Barron et al. 2001).”