An overview of radar soundings of the martian ionosphere from the Mars Express spacecraft

By Donald A. Gurnett, R. Huff, D. Morgan, A. Persoon, T. Averkamp, D. Kirchner, F. Duru, F. Akalin, A. Kopf, Erling Nielsen and 3 more. 2008

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The MAVEN Solar Wind Electron Analyzer (2016, background): “Radio occultation and radar sounding observations show that Mars’ night-side ionosphere is weak, variable and patchy (Zhang et al. 1990; Gurnett et al. 2008; Duru et al. 2011).”
The Mars express MARSIS sounder instrument (2009, background): “15 (a plot of echo strength versus time delay and frequency) is from orbit 3058 and shows several features often seen in the MARSIS-active ionospheric sounding data (Gurnett et al., 2005, 2007).”
A review of observed variability in the dayside ionosphere of Mars (2009, methodology): “Applying this approach to MARSIS AIS mode data, Nielsen et al. (2006), Gurnett et al. (2008) and Morgan et al. (2008) found N0 = 1.79 105 cm 3, 1.98 105 cm 3 and 1.58 105 cm 3, respectively.”
MAVEN SupraThermal and Thermal Ion Compostion (STATIC) Instrument (2015, methodology): “The MARSIS instrument on the MEX mission has provided additional estimates of the ionospheric density profiles using radar sounding (Gurnett et al. 2008), but without composition the model testing is incomplete.”
Variation of the Martian Ionospheric Electron Density from Mars Express Radar Soundings (2008, result): “04, is derived, lower than those of Hantsch and Bauer [1990] and Breus et al.”