Porous hydrophobic/hydrophilic composite membranes: Application in desalination using direct contact membrane distillation

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CF4 plasma-modified superhydrophobic PVDF membranes for direct contact membrane distillation (2014, methodology): “Hydrophobization is a key step for the preparation of MD membranes including direct phase separation [8–14] and surface treatment using perfluorodecyltriethoxysilane [15], TiO2 nanoparticles deposition [16], hydrophilic sodium alginate hydrogel [17], plasma polymerization of fluoropolymer [18–20] an”
Effect of temperature-dependent microstructure evolution on pore wetting in PTFE membranes under membrane distillation conditions (2013, background): “The membrane microstructure attributes, including average pore size and pore size distribution (PSD), pore structure, and total porosity, can all impact the vapor flux as well [3,13–19].”
Performance improvement of PVDF hollow fiber-based membrane distillation process (2011, unknown): “To improve the applicability of these membranes for the MD processes, there are two approaches to minimize wetting; one is a finely porous hydrophobic coating which helps to minimize the pores size while maintaining suitable porosity [9-11]; the other is to apply a dense hydrophilic coating which ca”