The Moderation Effects of Political Instability and Terrorism on Tourism Development

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News framing effects on destination risk perception (2016, background): “While related, PI and terrorism have a separate conceptual identity, which is supported by a number of authors who examine the phenomena from this perspective (e.g. Enders & Sandler, 1998; Richter & Waugh, 1986; Saha & Yap, 2013; Sonmez, 1998).”
Fatal Attraction: How Security Threats Hurt Tourism (2019, neutral): “Saha and Yap (2014) find that the effect of political instability on tourism is more severe than the effect of a one-off terrorist attack.”
Geopolitical risk and tourism: Evidence from dynamic heterogeneous panel models (2020, background): “In the same vein, a number of papers have shown that the effect of political instability/terrorism on tourism may be non-linear; that is, it starts adversely impacting tourism after reaching a certain threshold (Harb & Bassil, 2019; Mitra, Pham, & Bandyopadhyay, 2018; Saha & Yap, 2014).”
Institutional quality, political risk and tourism (2019, methodology): “Santos Silva and Tenreyro (2006) present the gravity equation in the exponential form: = +T X β εexp( )odt odt od (6) where Todt represents the bilateral trade between the country of origin o and country of destination d, and Xodt is a vector of explanatory variables (some of which may be linear, so”