Functional alterations associated with “winter syndrome” in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata)

By M. Gallardo, M. Sala-Rabanal, A. Ibarz, F. Padrós, J. Blasco, J. Fernández-Borràs, J. Sánchez. 2003

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Effects of low temperatures and fasting on hematology and plasma composition of gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) (2003, methodology): “A drop of 35% in plasma α2-globulin concentration was also found in winter syndrome symptomatic gilthead sea bream (Gallardo et al. 2003).”
Metabolic Response to Monthly Variations of Sparus aurata Reared in (2014, unknown): “In particular cultured sea bream is affected by a pathology called ‘‘winter syndrome’’ or ‘‘winter disease’’ that causes chronic mortality during the coldest months and acute mortality episodes when the temperature rises (Gallardo et al., 2003).”
Low-temperature challenges to gilthead sea bream culture: review of cold-induced alterations and ‘Winter Syndrome’ (2010, background): “…necropsy of tissues is usually able to verify the syndrome’s presence, although several recent comparative studies have reported histological differences between symptomatic animals (still alive) and control or non-affected fish (Tort et al. 1998a; Gallardo et al. 2003; Contessi et al. 2006).”