Do sown flower strips boost wild pollinator abundance and pollination services in a spring-flowering crop? A case study from UK cider apple orchards

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Flower-strip agri-environment schemes provide diverse and valuable summer flower resources for pollinating insects (2018, background): “1 3 flower-strips of Europe contained more sown species (about 20 species) and up to 52 spontaneous species (Engels et al. 1994; Bokenstrand et al. 2004; Carvell et al. 2006; Haaland et al. 2011; Hicks et al. 2016; Campbell et al. 2017).”
Management trade‐offs on ecosystem services in apple orchards across Europe: Direct and indirect effects of organic production (2018, background): “Nevertheless, we found a clear positive direct effect of flower cover on pollinator visitation rates of apple flowers (supporting Campbell et al., 2017), which resulted in reduced pollination deficit (measured through seed set) and increased fruit production, suggesting that targeted establishment…”
Insect pollinators collect pollen from wind‐pollinated plants: implications for pollination ecology and sustainable agriculture (2018, background): “This may be one reason why many studies find that the effectiveness of onfarm conservation measures (e.g. wildflower strips) is influenced by the amount of natural or seminatural habitat in the surrounding landscape (Scheper et al., 2013; Bat ary et al., 2015; Campbell et al., 2017).”