Adaptation and Adaptedness of Organisms to Urban Environments

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Urbanization Is Associated with Divergence in Pace-of-Life in Great Tits (2017, background): “However, urban development can also be viewed as a unique opportunity to investigate eco-evolutionary processes in a rapidly changing environment (Alberti, 2015; McDonnell and Hahs, 2015).”
Environmental hormesis, a fundamental non-monotonic biological phenomenon with implications in ecotoxicology and environmental safety (2018, background): “In any case, the key point for acclimation, adjustment or evolution of features is the “environment” (Bohnert et al., 1995; Bijlsma and Loeschcke, 2005; McDonnell and Hahs, 2015); therefore it should be fair enough to call the phenomenon described above “environmental hormesis”.”
Behavior Change in Urban Mammals: A Systematic Review (2020, background): “Each of the three types of adaptation (acclimatory, regulatory, developmental) offer useful clues as to how the urban environment affects mammal populations and how it may drive evolutionary change (Miranda et al., 2013; McDonnell and Hahs, 2015; Greggor et al., 2019).”