Heat transfer and fluid flow during electron beam welding of 21Cr–6Ni–9Mn steel and Ti–6Al–4V alloy

By R. Rai, P. Burgardt, J. Milewski, T. Lienert, T. DebRoy. 2009

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Evaporation model for beam based additive manufacturing using free surface lattice Boltzmann methods (2014, unknown): “52 [37] cp,s, mean (J kg−1 K−1) 605 [33] 670 [38] cp,l (J kg−1 K−1) 966 [33] 1126 [38] Tsolidus (K) — 1878 [39] Tliquidus (K) 1940 [34] 1928 [39] Tboil (K) 3558 [34] 3315 [40] Tcrit (K) 7890 [35] 7890b [35] Lmelt (kJ kg−1) 305 [30] 290 [38] Lvap,0 (kJ kg−1) 9700 [30] 9700b [30]”
On the role of melt flow into the surface structure and porosity development during selective laser melting (2015, methodology): “A detailed model description is to be published elsewhere [26] and model parameters were adopted from [27-29].”
Keyhole formation and thermal fluid flow-induced porosity during laser fusion welding in titanium alloys: Experimental and modelling (2017, methodology): “Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methods have recently been discussed within the literature [15-20] and applied to beam-welding methods such as laser welding, including the weld phenomena observed in experimental welds such as weld crown and toe formation, defect formation and the keyhole vapour p”
Analyzing the effects of powder and post-processing on porosity and properties of electron beam melted Ti-6Al-4V (2017, background): “ing conditions due to the vaporization of metal under the heat source [13].”