Scaling Up MIMO: Opportunities and Challenges with Very Large Arrays

By Fredrik Rusek, D. Persson, Buon Kiong Lau, Erik G. Larsson, T. Marzetta, Ove Edfors, Fredrik Tufvesson. IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, 2012

5,328 citations recorded by the source corpus.

Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technology is maturing and is being incorporated into emerging wireless broadband standards like long-term evolution (LTE) [1]. For example, the LTE standard allows for up to eight antenna ports at the base station. Basically, the more antennas the transmitter/receiver is equipped with, and the more degrees of freedom that the propagation channel can provide, the better the performance in terms of data rate or link reliability. More precisely, on a quasi static channel where a code word spans across only one time and frequency coherence interval, the reliability of a point-to-point MIMO link scales according to Prob(link outage) ` SNR-ntnr where nt and nr are the numbers of transmit and receive antennas, respectively, and signal-to-noise ratio is denoted by SNR. On a channel that varies rapidly as a function of time and frequency, and where circumstances permit coding across many channel coherence intervals, the achievable rate scales as min(nt, nr) log(1 + SNR). The gains in multiuser systems are even more impressive, because such systems offer the possibility to transmit simultaneously to several users and the flexibility to select what users to schedule for reception at any given point in time [2].

Subfields: Electrical and Electronic Engineering

View Paper: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/aa6a4c5bec96865ef5c3a1d2b6a504bcdcc6d295

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Citations in the corpus

A Survey of 5G Channel Measurements and Models (2018, positive): “Besides, massive MIMO can greatly increase the capacity and reliability of the system with respect to the conventional MIMO [7], [8].”
Millimeter Wave Communications for Future Mobile Networks (2017, methodology): “Alternatively, directive antennas or MIMO technology can be used to direct the signal power spatially, which leads to an array gain and latter also provides the ﬂexibility of spatial multiplexing [36].”
Downlink Training Techniques for FDD Massive MIMO Systems: Open-Loop and Closed-Loop Training With Memory (2013, methodology): “We refer to [5] and references therein for more about the concept of massive MIMO systems.”
Effects of channel aging in massive MIMO systems (2013, methodology): “The key ideas of massive MIMO are to deploy a very large number of antennas at each base station and to use multi-user MIMO (MU-MIMO) transmission to serve a much smaller number of users [1, 2] In a typical envisioned deployment scenario, each base station has hundreds of antennas to simultaneously ”
5G: A Tutorial Overview of Standards, Trials, Challenges, Deployment, and Practice (2017, background): “• Massive MIMO antenna arrays at the base station [14], [15].”
Power Scaling of Uplink Massive MIMO Systems With Arbitrary-Rank Channel Means (2014, background): “To reap all the benefits of MIMO at a greater scale, the paradigm of massive MIMO, which considers the use of hundreds of antenna elements to serve tens of users simultaneously, has recently come at the forefront of wirel ess communications research [7].”
Asymptotic Max-Min SINR Analysis of Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface Assisted MISO Systems (2019, background): “orithms [2], [3]. Among the very recent hardware technologies that promise signiﬁcant reduction in the energy consumption of future wireless networks, while realizing unprecedented Massive MIMO gains [4] belong the Large Intelligent Surfaces (LIS)s [5]–[7]. LIS is a planar array comprising of a larg”
Optimal Multiuser Transmit Beamforming: A Difficult Problem with a Simple Solution Structure [Lecture Notes] (2014, methodology): “ry SNR balance between these extremes. Another asymptotic regime has received much attention: the use of very large arrays where the number of antennas, N, goes to inﬁnity in the performance analysis [3]. A key motivation is that the squared channel norms (khkk2) are proportional to N, while the cro”
Precoding and Power Optimization in Cell-Free Massive MIMO Systems (2017, background): “To that end, Massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) has attracted considerable attention as a candidate for the fifth generation physical layer technology [2], [3], [4].”
Flexible-Antenna Systems: A Pinching-Antenna Perspective (2024, positive): “For example, the use of multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems creates parallel channels between the transceivers, and increases the effective bandwidth to N MG W , where N MG denotes the multiplexing gain and is related to the number of transceiver antennas [3], [4].”
A Low-Profile Decoupling Structure for Mutual Coupling Suppression in MIMO Patch Antenna (2021, neutral): “the performance of the MIMO system [1]–[4].”
Pilot Reuse for Massive MIMO Transmission over Spatially Correlated Rayleigh Fading Channels (2015, background): “With the potential large gains in spectral efﬁciency and energy efﬁciency, massive MIMO is a promising technology that the next generation of wireless systems may incorporate, and has received tremendous research interest recently [3], [4].”
Fifty Years of MIMO Detection: The Road to Large-Scale MIMOs (2015, background): “the employment of massive/large-scale multiple-input multipleoutput (LS-MIMO) transmission techniques, which invoke a large number of antenna elements at the transmitter and/or receiver for achieving a high spectral-efficiency [21]–[29] and high energy-efficiency [25], [30]–[32].”
Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface Assisted Multiuser MISO Systems Exploiting Deep Reinforcement Learning (2020, neutral): “RECENT years have witnessed the successful deployment of massive multiple input multiple output (MassiveMIMO) in the fifth generation (5G) wireless communication systems, as a promising approach to support massive number of users at high data rate, low latency and secure transmission simultaneously ”
FemtoCaching: Wireless Content Delivery Through Distributed Caching Helpers (2013, background): “In particular, current research trends consider scenarios where the density of small cell access points will be comparable to the user density [5]–[7].”
The Multicell Multiuser MIMO Uplink with Very Large Antenna Arrays and a Finite-Dimensional Channel (2013, background): “, a hundred or more antennas [9], [10].”