Synthesis and antibacterial activities of quaternary ammonium salt of chitosan.

By Zhishen Jia, D. Shen, Weiliang Xu. 2001

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Antibacterial activity of chitosan tripolyphosphate nanoparticles loaded with various metal ions (2009, result): “According to previous studies (Jia et al., 2001; Shahidi, Arachchi, & Jeon, 1999; Yi et al., 2003) the antibacterial activity of chitosan under acidic environment may result from its polycationic structure due to the protonation of –NH2 on the C-2 position of the Dglucosamine repeat unit.”
Review of Chitosan and Its Derivatives as Antimicrobial Agents and Their Uses as Textile Chemicals (2003, background): “Jia et al.[80] synthesized TMCIs with DQ 0.89–0.91 from three chitosans with different MWs.”
Chitosan in Plant Protection (2010, background): “Quaternary ammonium salts of chitosan, such as N,N,N-trimethylchitosan, N-propyl-N,N-dimethylchitosan and N-furfuryl-N,N-dimethylchitosan were shown to be effective in inhibiting the growth and development of Escherichia coli [29], especially in acidic media.”
A Review of the Applications of Chitin and Its Derivatives in Agriculture to Modify Plant-Microbial Interactions and Improve Crop Yields (2013, background): “Despite chitin not being a component of bacterial cells [2], chitosan has been shown to possess antibacterial activity [37,38].”